CentOS VPS Server Setup Tips

Useful Linux Tutorials and Handbooks

• Linux Init Process and PC Boot Procedure
• Linux Network Configuration
• Linux System Administration and Configuration
• Linux Tutorial - Fedora Core and Red Hat Linux CD Installation, Version Upgrade, Configuration and Basic Administration
• Linux Web Server and Domain Configuration Tutorial
• Linux-UNIX For DOS Users
• Linux Shell Scripting Tutorial - A Beginner's handbook

Set timezone using /etc/localtime configuration file [any Linux distro]

Often /etc/localtime is a symlink to the file localtime or to the correct time zone file in the system time zone directory.

Generic procedure to change timezone

Change directory to /etc

# cd /etc

Create a symlink to file localtime:

# ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/EST localtime

OR some distro use /usr/share/zoneinfo/dirname/zonefile format (Red hat and friends)

# ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/EST localtime

OR if you want to set up it to IST (Asia/Calcutta):

# ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Calcutta localtime

Please mote that in above example you need to use directory structure i.e. if you want to set the timezone to Calcutta (India) which is located in the Asia directory you will then have to setup using as above.

Use date command to verify that your timezone is changed:

$ date

Output:

Tue Aug 27 14:46:08 EST 2006

Reference: Howto: Linux server change or setup the timezone

iptables Setup

[root@vps1 ~]# iptables -L -n -v

Chain INPUT (policy DROP 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         
  842 5263K ACCEPT     all  --  lo     *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           
   48  2952 ACCEPT     icmp --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           
30301 8344K ACCEPT     all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           state RELATED,ESTABLISHED 
    7   364 ACCEPT     tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:1891 
   50  2600 ACCEPT     tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:10000 
    0     0 ACCEPT     tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:20 
   13   676 ACCEPT     tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:21 
 1231 64828 ACCEPT     tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:80 
    9   464 ACCEPT     tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:443 
    6   240 ACCEPT     tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:3306 
    1    48 ACCEPT     tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:25 
    0     0 ACCEPT     tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:465 
    0     0            tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:587 
    0     0            tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:143 
   62  3224 ACCEPT     tcp  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           tcp dpt:993 
  502 22432 REJECT     all  --  *      *       0.0.0.0/0            0.0.0.0/0           reject-with icmp-host-prohibited 

Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT 0 packets, 0 bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination         

Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT 41521 packets, 36M bytes)
 pkts bytes target     prot opt in     out     source               destination      

Reference: Bokko.nl » Iptables active and passive FTP in CentOS

How to install mcrypt for PHP 5.3.3 on CentOS

All you need to do is:

rpm -Uvh http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-4.noarch.rpm
yum install php53-mcrypt

The EPEL repo contains more, and more upgraded packages to compliment the default repository.

Reference: How to install mcrypt for PHP 5.3.3 on CentOS 5.7 64 bit?

suEXEC the CGI wrapper

A CGI wrapper is a system that executes scripts in a safe and controlled fashion. It also allows scripts to be executed as the same user and group of the virtual host. This allows scripts to have proper permission to execute and use the users directory tree. It also stops scripts from effecting folders the owner shouldn't have access to.

Setting up suEXEC

suEXEC can be difficult to setup, it depends on whether you compiled apache yourself, or whether it came with your distribution. Your distribution may have configured suEXEC correctly for you, in which case you'll just need to enable it. You can check your suEXEC settings with the command:-

suexec -V

In our example we are running RedHat 9, which comes with Apache 2 by default, however suEXEC is not configured properly by default so you need to recompile suEXEC (not the whole of apache) with the correct settings to get it working. Here is our quick guide.

1. Check your suEXEC settings
   suexec -V
2. The interesting bit of info is AP_DOC_ROOT. Default is "/var/www". If this isn't the same as the directory where your site files are ("/home" for RH9) you're going to need to recompile it. If it is the same then you're lucky! You can skip to step 15.
3. Download and decompress the source RPM for httpd.
4. Navigate to the "support" sub folder of the httpd source directory (such as "/usr/src/redhat/SOURCES/httpd-2.0.40/support/")
5. Edit the file "suexec.h" and change the lines:-
6. #define AP_DOC_ROOT "/var/www"
   to the location of your site files such as:-
   #define AP_DOC_ROOT "/home"
7. #define AP_HTTPD_USER "apache"
   to the user you have set for apache
8. #define AP_LOG_EXEC "/some/long/thing/I've/forgot/suexec.log"
   to something sensible like:-
   #define AP_LOG_EXEC "/var/log/httpd/suexec.log"
9. Now you'll need to configure the apache source:-
   ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2
10. Now:-
    make
11. And Now:-
    make suexec
12. Now replace your old suexec executable with your new one, backing up the old one first:-
    cd /usr/sbin
mv suexec suexec.bak
cp /usr/src/redhat/SOURCES/httpd-2.0.40/support/suexec suexec
13. Don't forget to change the group and owner to the same as the old suexec file!!!
    ls -l suexec
chgrp apache suexec
chown apache suexec
14. Now make executable:-
    chmod 4510 suexec
15. Ok that's suexec ready to go. Now open httpd.conf (make a backup first) and add the line:-
    LoadModule suexec_module modules/mod_suexec.so
16. Now suexec is in use you can define the user and group that scripts should be executed as for each VirtualHost. In the following examples username and groupname should be swapped with the actual user and group you wan to use. This should be the same as the owner and group of that VirtualHost.
    In Apache 2:-
    <VirtualHost 111.111.111.111:80>
...
SuexecUserGroup username groupname
...
</VirtualHost>
17. Restart apache and away you go!

Reference: Setting up suEXEC - CosmicScripts.com

Using suexec To Secure A Shared Server

The challenge with securing a shared hosting server is how to secure the website from attack both from the outside and from the inside. PHP has built-in features to help, but ultimately it’s the wrong place to address the problem.

So what can Apache do to help?

It turns out that there are quite a few alternative ways that Apache can help. This article will look at what we can do with stock Apache, and the next few articles will look at what we can do with some interesting third-party Apache modules.

• suexec: Running CGI Programs As A Specified User
• Configuring Apache With PHP/CGI
• Configuring suexec With PHP/CGI
• Configuring suexec For Shared Servers
• Some Benchmarks
• Other Considerations
• Conclusions

suexec: Running CGI Programs As A Specified User

To secure a shared hosting server, we want to be able to run PHP as the user who owns that particular website. One way to do this with stock Apache is with suexec.

suexec is a standard Apache module which allows you to run a CGI executable as a specified user and group. CGI executables date back to the very early days of the web, back when we all had to use Perl to create dynamic websites. Although PHP is commonly run as an Apache module, it still provides support for CGI.

Check with your Linux vendor to make sure that you have PHP/CGI installed on your box.

Configuring Apache With PHP/CGI

The first step for getting suexec working is to configure Apache to run PHP as a CGI executable, instead of using mod_php. Add the following configuration to your httpd.conf file:

ScriptAlias /php5-cgi /usr/bin/php-cgi
Action php5-cgi /php5-cgi
AddHandler php5-cgi .php
AddDirectoryIndex index.php

… and add the following line to your virtual host:

AddHandler php5-cgi .php

In your httpd.conf file (or in one of the files that httpd.conf includes), there will be a <Directory> entry for the directory on disk where your virtual host is stored. Inside that <Directory> entry, there should be an “Options” line, which might look like this:

Options Indexes FollowSymLinks

Add “ExecCGI” to the end of your Options line.

Make sure to comment out mod_php from Apache. Then, restart Apache, and do some testing to make sure that PHP 5 is working.

For reference, here is the Apache config from my test system:

ScriptAlias /php5-cgi /usr/bin/php-cgi
Action php5-cgi /php5-cgi
AddHandler php5-cgi .php
AddDirectoryIndex index.php index.phtml
<VirtualHost *:80>
  DocumentRoot /var/www/localhost/htdocs
  <Directory /var/www/localhost/htdocs>
    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks ExecCGI
    AllowOverride All
    Order allow,deny
    Allow from all
  </Directory>
  AddHandler php5-cgi .php
</VirtualHost>

Configuring suexec For PHP/CGI

With Apache now running PHP as a CGI executable, we’re ready to get Apache running PHP as the owner of each website.

In your test virtual host, add the following:

SuexecUserGroup stuart users

Replace “stuart” with the user who owns the website, and replace “users” with the group that the user belongs to. This sets the privileges that PHP will run as.

To ensure the security of your server, suexec is very particular about what conditions must be met before it will execute your PHP scripting engine. A full list of conditions can be found in the Apache docs. To make sense of the conditions, you’ll need to know what settings your copy of suexec has been compiled with. Run the command suexec -V to find out your system’s settings. This is the output from my Seed Linux LAMP Server system:

belal vhosts.d # suexec -V
 -D AP_DOC_ROOT="/var/www"
 -D AP_GID_MIN=100
 -D AP_HTTPD_USER="apache"
 -D AP_LOG_EXEC="/var/log/apache2/suexec_log"
 -D AP_SAFE_PATH="/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin"
 -D AP_SUEXEC_UMASK=077
 -D AP_UID_MIN=1000
 -D AP_USERDIR_SUFFIX="public_html"

The first condition (and one that isn’t obvious from the Apache manual!) is that the PHP CGI executable must be installed under AP_DOC_ROOT. Chances are that it isn’t installed there at the moment, so go ahead and copy it there.

mkdir /var/www/localhost/cgi-bin
cp /usr/bin/php-cgi /var/www/localhost/cgi-bin

The second condition is that the PHP CGI executable must be owned by the same user and group you listed in the SuexecUserGroup statement earlier. This causes problems for shared hosting; I’ll show you how to fix that later in this article.

chown stuart users /var/www/localhost/cgi-bin/php-cgi

Update your Apache httpd.conf file to use this copy of PHP:

ScriptAlias /php5-cgi /var/www/localhost/cgi-bin/php-cgi

Restart Apache, and test to make sure that PHP 5 is still working. You should also start to see log messages appearing in AP_LOG_EXEC. This is the first place to look if PHP isn’t working (although the log messages can be a little terse and cryptic).

For reference, here is the Apache config from my test system:

ScriptAlias /php5-cgi /var/www/localhost/cgi-bin/php-cgi
Action php5-cgi /php5-cgi
AddHandler php5-cgi .php
AddDirectoryIndex index.php index.phtml
<VirtualHost *:80>
  DocumentRoot /var/www/localhost/htdocs
  <Directory /var/www/localhost/htdocs>
    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks ExecCGI
    AllowOverride All
    Order allow,deny
    Allow from all
  </Directory>
  SuexecUserGroup stuart users
  AddHandler php5-cgi .ph
</VirtualHost>

Configuring suexec For Shared Servers

I mentioned earlier that there was a problem with using suexec + PHP/CGI on shared servers – the very environment where suexec is needed the most :( In one of the steps above, we created a copy of the PHP CGI executable, and changed its ownership on disk to match the ownership of the website.

chown stuart users /var/www/localhost/cgi-bin/php-cgi

What happens when we have two websites, each owned by a different user? Or five, or ten, or hundreds? Apache’s suexec will refuse to re-use this copy of the PHP CGI executable for each of the websites, because it isn’t owned by the right user and group.

Each website needs its own copy of the PHP CGI executable, owned by the user and group that owns the website itself. We don’t want to create hundreds of copies of the actual PHP CGI executable (it’s a large waste of space, and a pain for managing PHP upgrades), so instead we can point each website at its own copy of a simple bash script:

#!/bin/bash
/usr/bin/php-cgi "$@"

This script simply executes our central copy of the PHP CGI executable, passing through whatever parameters Apache has called the bash script with.

To configure Apache to use this script, simply move the ScriptAlias statement from outside the VirtualHost config to inside.

Some Benchmarks

Because Apache is having to execute a new suexec process every page hit (and suexec executes a new PHP CGI process every page hit), it’s going to be slower than running mod_php. But how much slower? To find out, I used Apache’s ab benchmarking program to load a phpinfo() page 1000 times. I ran the benchmark five times and averaged out the results.

• suexec: average of 127.219 seconds
• suexec + bash script: average of 134.836 seconds
• mod_php: average of 3.753 seconds

suexec on its own is some 34 times slower than using mod_php; suexec + the bash script needed for shared hosting environments is even worse, at 36 times slower than using mod_php.

This benchmark doesn’t provide the full picture. Once you take into account the extra memory used by the suexec method, and the extra memory and CPU (and process context switches!) required to transfer output from PHP/CGI to Apache to send back to the website’s user, the final cost of using suexec + PHP/CGI will be substantially higher.

Other Considerations

Performance isn’t the only thing to think about when evaluating suexec + PHP/CGI.

• suexec + PHP/CGI does solve the security challenge, without requiring your application to support safe_mode.
• HTTP authentication is only supported by mod_php, not PHP/CGI. If your application relies on this, then suexec + PHP/CGI is not for you.

Conclusions

Apache’s suexec mechanism does secure a shared hosting server from attack from within. However, this is achieved at a heavy performance cost, which inevitably will translate into needing lots of extra servers – which is expensive.

So, if Apache itself doesn’t come with a solution that’s worth a damn, maybe there are third-party solutions out there that can do a better job? The next article in the series will take a look at what others have done to try and plug this gap.

Reference: Stuart Herbert On PHP - » Using suexec To Secure A Shared Server

Sendmail SMTP AUTH

Make sure to install cyrus-sasl-plain package:

yum install cyrus-sasl-plain